Reproduction in lower and higher plants notes 1.1

 1.Reproduction in lower and higher plants notes part 01

Introduction – Reproduction

Reproduction is production of young ones like parents.

Importantance of reproductiom

1) It is an important character of life

2) It is important to maintain number of species on the earth.

3) It is important for continuence of race.

4) Reproduction is important tool of evolution.

5) Important role in adaption.

Types of reproduction 

i)Asexual reproduction

ii)Sexual reproduction.

Asexual reproduction:

Definition: The reproductiom in which thier is no formation and union of male and female gametes is called Asexual reproduction.

1. Fusion of two compatible gametes or sex cell is not involved.

2. Production of genetically identical progeny, i. e.Clones

3. Progeny from single organism

4. Inheritance of genes of parent by progeny.

5. Modes of Asexual Reproduction

(a) Fragmentation 

(i)Multicellular organism

(ii)Small piece

(iii)Accidental breaking E.g. Algae,Spirogyra.

(b) Budding

(i)Unicellular organism.

(ii)One or more outgrowths, i.e. buds.

(iii)E.g. Yeast.

(c) Spore formation

(i)Different types.

(ii)flagellated motile zoospores.

(iii)Zoosporangia.

(iii)Biftagellate zoospores. E.g. Chlamydomonas.

(4) Fission

Binary Fission E.g. Amoeba, Paramoecium

(5) Conidia formation

E.g. Fungus Penicillium

(6) Gemmule formation

E.g. Sponges

(7)Vegetative reproduction

(i)Asexual method

(ii)Reproduction with vegetative plant parts.

(iii)Artificial methods useful in agriculture and horticulture.

(iv)New plants are identical to parent plant

Some artificial methods:

(i)Cutting

Small piece of plant part selected.

Must possess one or more bud.

(a)Stem cutting

e.g. Rose, Bougainvillea

(b)Leaf cutting

e.g. Sansev feria

(c)Root cutting

e.g. Blackberry

(ii) Grafting

(a)Joining of two plant parts stock and scion

(b)Rooted plant — Stock

(c)Joined plant – Scion

(i)Grow together as one plant

(ii)Stem grafting e.g. Apple

(iii)Bud grafting, budding e.g. Rose 

Tissue culture 

i) A small amount of plant tissue is carefully and aseptically grown to get plantlets.

ii) Micropropagation — Modern method to get plants from tissue culture. e.g. Orchids